– Discussion: – bulbocaverosus reflex refers to anal sphincter contraction in response to squeezing the glans penis or tugging on the Foley; – reflex involves S-1, S-2, and S-3 nerve roots and is spinal cord- mediated reflex arc; – following spinal cord trauma, presence or absence of … Read more
Discussion type of incomplete cord syndrome: injury to either side of spinal cord produces ipsilateral muscle paralysis (from corticospinal tract injury) and contralateral hypersthesia to pain and temperature (from spinothalamic injury); syndrome results from hemitransection of spinal cord w/ unilateral damage to the spinothalamic & corticospinal tracts and resultant loss of ipsilateral motor & dorsal column … Read more
– Work Up for Brachial Plexus Injuries – Brachial Neuritis: – Erb’s Palsy – Leffert Classification of Brachial Plexus Injuries; – Lower Root Injury: (Klumpke) – Obstetrical Paralysis: – Parsonage-Turner Syndrome: – Traumatic Brachial Plexus Palsy in Children – Stinger / … Read more
– See: – Arteries of the Upper Limb; – Profunda Brachi; – Anatomy: – brachial artery originates at the lateral border of teres major muscle & courses down anterior humerus posterior to bicipital aponeurosis; – brachial artery has three main braches, of which profunda brachi … Read more
– See: – Phalangeal Injuries – Rheumatoid Boutonniere – Thumb Boutonniere Injuries – Discussion: – an aquired lesion of the extensor mechanism, in which the PIP joint develops a flexion deformity and the the DIP joint develops an extension deformity; … Read more
– See: – Discussion: – refers to Boutonniere injuries more than 2 months after injury; – is difficult to treat due to shortening of: – central slip & contracture of the lateral bands; – transverse retinacular ligaments; … Read more
– Discussion: – soft tissue procedures will work only passive ROM is re-established; – Staged Method of Treatment: (from Raymond et al 1982) – use a metacarpal block for anesthesia (for intial three stages); – stage I and II: – lazy “S” incision over … Read more
– Diff Dx: Painful Joint: – four conditions may cause an excruciatingly painful joint; – infection – Gout or, rarely, Pseudogout; – Rheumatic Fever; – Tumor; – Diff Dx Tumor: – osteoid osteoma … Read more
– Discussion: – see fracture healing menu and plate biomechanics menu and bone healing with locking plates – where bone is under compression w/ no gap, dead bone is reabsorbed, & resorption cavities, produced by cutting cones of osteoclasts, traverse the fracture plane; – clinically the ideal result of rigid plating should … Read more
– Discussion: – bone marrow signal on T1- and T2 vary with age – in adults, tumor invading bone marrow will show decreased signal on T1, in contrast to normally high signal-intensity bone marrow; – its imporant to note that traumatic, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders will … Read more