Nerves
Safe Zone for Tibial Pin Insertion
– General Considerations: – safe zones for pin insertion imply that pins will avoid major neurovascular structures; – besides avoiding neurovascular strucutures, it is important that pins be inserted in subcutaneous locations; – subcutaneous insertion avoids muscular impalment which decreases pain and increases function; … Read more
Sacroiliac Fracture – Dislocations
– See: – Posterior Pelvic Injuries – Sacral Fractures – cresent fracture: (iliac fracture) – Fixation Techniques: – SI joint dislocation: posterior screw fixation: – Kellum et al 1987, unstable SI joint dislocations can produce long term pain in 60% that are treated non operatively … Read more
Sacrum and Sacral Fractures
– See: – Posterior Pelvic Injury: – Sacroiliac Fracture Dislocations: – Sacral Stress Fractures: – Anatomy of Sacrum: – Classification: – zone I: – frx across sacral ala can cause L5 nerve root impingement; – about 6% … Read more
Sacral Sparing
– See: neurological exam: – Discussion: – sacral segments must be carefully examined for sensation & motor power; – scaral sparing is evidenced by perianal sensation, rectal motor function, and great toe flexor activity; – in patient w/ an apparent complete neurologic injury, any sensory awareness distally or scant … Read more
RSD: Diagnostic Sympathetic Block
– Discussion: – response to sympathetic blockade is best diagnostic test for RSD; – over 2/3 of patients will obtain significant relief; – patient is given at least two successful stellate ganglion blocks; – if patient has had a technically successful sympathetic block, and does not obtain significant relief, then the … Read more
Rotators Brevis
– a series of pairs of small muscles extending from the sacrum to the axis; – origin: transverse processes of the vertebrae; – insertion: bases of the spinous processes of the 1st vertebrae above; – action: acting bilaterally, rotation of the spine to the opposite side; acting unilaterally, extension and hyperextension of the spine; – … Read more
Rotators Longus
– a series of pairs of small muscles extending from the sacrum to axis; – origin: transverse processes of the vertebrae; – insertion: bases of the spinous processes of the 2nd vertebrae above; – action: acting bilaterally, rotation of the spine to the opposite side; – nerve supply: posterior rami of the spinal nerve; – … Read more
Rotator Cuff: References
The Rotator Cuff–Symposium: Complications of Rotator Cuff Surgery. The Rotator Cuff–Symposium: Classification of Rotator Cuff Lesions. Repair of the rotator cuff. End-result study of factors influencing reconstruction. Shoulder-muscle strength and range of motion following surgical repair of full-thickness rotator-cuff tears. Isokinetic strength of the shoulder after repair of a torn rotator cuff. Concurrent rupture of the rotator … Read more
Rolando’s fracture
– See: – Anatomy of CMC joint – Bennett’s Fracture – Thumb Fractures / Dislocations – Discussion: – described in 1910 by Dr. Rolando; – involves 3 part frx at base of metacarpal; – in addition to volar lip frx (as seen w/ … Read more