– Discussion: – axonal neuropathies involve axonal degeneration and are characterized by reduced sensory and motor amplitudes with only mild slowing of conduction velocities and latencies; – diabetes and ETOH abuse are the most common etiologies
– Indications: – most often used for anterior shoulder reconstructions – Positioning: – beach chair w/ full access to posterior aspect of shoulder; – holding shoulder in flexion, will relax shoulder & facilitate exposure; – consider the Mconnel Shoulder Positioner; – references: … Read more
– See: Arteries of the Upper Limb – Discussion: – the axillary artery begins at the first rib as a direct continuation of the subclavian artery and becomes the brachial artery at the lower border of the teres major – artery passes behind pectoralis minor in its course thru axilla & is conveniently described as having 3 … Read more
– Discuussion: – axillary nerve (C5, C6) originates from and passes backward from posterior cord of brachial plexus – at level of axilla; – it arises immediately posterior to the coracoid process and conjoined tendon; – it crosses the inferolateral surface of the subscapularis, 3-5 mm … Read more
– Discussion: – HTN from bladder or bowel distension or from renal calculi; – sensitivity to succinyl choline (hyperkalemia) – increase susceptibility to pulmonary edema; – can follow upper and lower spinal cord injuries; – related to bladder overdistension or fecal impaction and manifests as with … Read more
– See: Anatomy of C1 / C2 – Discussion: – classically described as a 4 part burst frx of the atlas, w/ combined anterior and posterior arch fractures; – frx variants: include two and three part fractures; – pediatric frx: – frx … Read more
– See: – Occipital-Atlanto-Axial Anomalies: – Anatomy of C1 / C2 – Discussion: – more common children, since the pediatric occipital condyles are small and almost horizontal & lack inherent stability; – this injury is usually but not invariably fatal 2nd to respiratory arrest caused by injury … Read more
– Discussion: – w/ flexion the cubital tunnel becomes taunt, and with extension the cubital tunnel becomes lax; – sharp freee margin of aponeurosis is stretched tightly over nerve during flexion; – volume of the cubital tunnel decreases, and extrinsic pressure increases during … Read more
– Discussion: – in the presence of H.O. the nerve should be placed in the subcutaneous position, since H.O. forms between muscle layers; – sub-muscular transposition (or subQ transposition) is also indicated to relieve tension following ulnar nerve repairs; – is often indicated in revision cubital tunnel surgery; … Read more
– See: Baumann’s Angle – Discussion: – cubitus varus is the most common complication following supracondylar frx, – orginally, etilogy of cubitus varus was thought to occur because of growth disturbance of distal humeral epiphysis; – this may be true but is uncommon; … Read more