Section 1: Anatomy
Section Editor: R. Shane Tubbs
- Chapter 1: Anatomy of the Lumbar Intervertebral Discs by Erfanul Saker and R. Shane Tubbs
- Chapter 2: The Ligaments of the Lumbar Vertebrae by Lydia Jones and R. Shane Tubbs
- Chapter 3: Anatomy of the Lumbar Nerves by Jaspreet Johal and R. Shane Tubbs
Section 2: Basic Science
Section Editor: Howard An
- Chapter 1: Genetic Factors in Disc Degeneration by Minna Kraatari, Sini Skarp, Minna Männikkö, Jaro Karppinen, and Frances Williams
- Chapter 2: The Intervertebral Disc: Function and Degradation by Hardeep Singh and Isaac L. Moss
- Chapter 3: The Vertebral Endplate: Function and Pathophysiology by Dino Samartzis and J. Lotz
- Chapter 4: Pain Generators and Pathways of Degenerative Disc Disease by Seiji Ohtori, Yasuchika Aoki, and Sumihisa Orita
- Chapter 5: Molecular Biology of the Intervertebral Disc by Ana V. Chee, Chundo Oh, Di Chen, Howard S. An
- Chapter 6: Current Biologic Therapies for the Treatment of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Disease by Bryan Rynearson and James D. Kang
- Chapter 7: Biological Approach for Spinal Fusion by Zorica Buser and Jeffrey C. Wang
- Chapter 8: Pathophysiology of Lumbar Radiculopathy by Daniel Jonsson and Kjell Olmarker
- Chapter 9: Function of Human Paraspinal Muscles by Bahar Shahidi, James C. Hubbard, Richard L. Lieber, and Samuel R. Ward
- Chapter 10: Function and Dysfunction of the Facet Joint by Nozomu Inoue, Alejandro A. Espinoza Orías, Kazuyuki Segami, and Howard S. An
- Chapter 11: In Vivo Biomechanical Assessment of the Lumbar Segment Using the Intraoperative Measurement System by Kazuhiro Hasegawa and Kei Watanabe
Section 3: Biomechanics
Section Editor: Avinash Patwardhan
- Chapter 1: Methods of Laboratory Assessment by Bob Havey
- Chapter 2: Biomechanics of Lumbar Spine by Achim Wilke
- Section 3, Chapter 3: Biomechanics of Spinal Implants by Sanghita Bhattacharya, Vikas Kaul, Constantine K. Demetropoulos, and Vijay K. Goel
- Chapter 4: Biomechanics of Deformity Correction by Brian Cunningham
- Chapter 5: Biomechanical Implications of Osteoporosis by ...
- Chapter 6: Biomechanics of Motion Preservation Technologies by Peter McCombe, Ashish Diwan, and Hans-Joachim Wilke
- Chapter 7: Standing Balance by LeHeuc and Avinash G. Patwardhan
- Chapter 8: Biomechanics of Follower Load
Section 4: Epidemiology
Section Editor: Brook I. Martin
- Chapter 1: Measuring Spine Safety by Fady Y. Hijji, Ankur S. Narain, Kern Singh, and Jonathan N. Grauer
- Chapter 2: Epidemiology and Use of Opioids in Back Pain by Jon D. Lurie
- Chapter 3: The Role of Invasiveness Index in Risk-Adjusted Patient Outcome Measurements by Brian L. Hollenbeck and Kevin J. McGuire
- Chapter 4: The Bree Collaborative: Standardizing Appropriateness and Quality in Lumbar Fusion by Mark Kowalczyk, Robert Mecklenburg, Andrew Kartunen, and Farrokh Farrokhi
Section 5: Outcomes Measurement
Section Editor: TBD
- Chapter 1: Introduction by TBD
- Chapter 2: Condition-specific Measures by TBD
- Chapter 3: Computer Adaptive Testing by TBD
- Chapter 4: Generic Outcome Measures-Health Related Quality of Life by TBD
- Chapter 5: Psychometric/Measurement Properties of Instruments by TBD
- Chapter 6: Indices of “Treatment Success” Based on PROMs by TBD
- Chapter 7: Collateral Outcomes by TBD
- Chapter 8: ICHOM Initiative by TBD
- Chapter 9: Health Economics by TBD
- Chapter 10: Conflict of Interest and Its Impact on Reported Outcomes by TBD
Section 6: International Perspectives on Spine Care
Section Editors: Margareta C. Nordin and Eric Hurwitz
- Chapter 1: World Spine Care A Charity Providing Spine Care in Botswana, Dominican Republic, India and Ghana by Scott Haldeman, Geoff Outerbridge, Stefan Eberspaecher, O'Dane Brady, Deborah Kopansky-Giles, Margareta Nordin, Eric L. Hurwitz, Afua Adjei-Kwayisi, and Rajani Mullerpatan
- Chapter 2: Establishing Low Cost - High Quality Spine Care in India: The Ganga Hospital Model by Shanmuganathan Rajasekaran.
- Chapter 3: Establishing a Spine Center in Ankara, Turkey by Emre Acaroglu.
- Chapter 4: Scoliosis Treatment in Underserved Countries in South America by Tony Rinella, G.M. Mundis, et al.
- Chapter 5: The Educational Need for Sub-Sahara Spine Surgeons by Tiro Mmopelwa et al.
Section 7: Educational Approach
Section Editor: TBD
- Chapter 1: How to Adopt and Acquire Skills for New Technology by TBD
- Chapter 2: Use of Simulation in Spine Surgery by TBD
- Chapter 3: Spine Education Worldwide by TBD
- Chapter 4: Deep Learning of Technical Skills by TBD
- Chapter 5: Training Difference between Orthopaedic and Neurosurgery by TBD
- Chapter 6: Competency Based Surgeon Training by TBD
Section 8: Metabolic/Inflammatory Conditions
Section Editor: Christopher Ames
- Chapter 1: Rheumatoid Arthritis by Tamir Ailon
- Chapter 2: Ankylosing Spondylitis by Christopher Ames and Joseph Osorio
- Chapter 3: Paget’s Disease by Kevin Taliaferro and Sigurd Berven
- Chapter 4: Update on Medical Evaluation and Treatment of Inflammatory Bone Disease by Vedat Deviren
- Chapter 5: Osteoporosis: Diagnosis, Treatment and Preoperative Bone Optimization by Corinna C. Zygourakis, Darryl Lau, and Christopher P. Ames
Section 9: Lumbar Spinal Deformity
Section Editor: Michael Kelly
- Chapter 1: Preoperative Evaluation and Optimization by Stu Hershman, Sethi, and Lou Jenis
- Chapter 2: Radiographic Analysis of Adult Spinal Deformity by Themi Protopsaltis
- Chapter 3: Adult Symptomatic Lumbar Scoliosis: Indications and Outcomes by Serena Hu
- Chapter 4: Adult Thoracic Kyphosis by Schwab
- Chapter 5: Etiology and Management of Spinal Deformity in Parkinson's, Poliomyelitis, and Cerebral Palsy by Steven Bokshan, Roy Ruttiman, Adam E.M. Eltorai, and Alan H. Daniels
- Chapter 6: Anterior Lumbar and Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion by Comron Saifi, Joseph M. Lombardi, and Frank M. Phillips
- Chapter 7: Open Posterior Techniques in Adult Spinal Deformity by Fogelson and Nassr
- Chapter 8: Osteotomies for Rigid Spinal Deformity: Evaluation, Indications and Techniques by Lawrence G. Lenke and Melvin C. Makhni
- Chapter 9: Sacropelvic Fixation in Adult Spinal Deformity by Brian J. Neuman and Khaled Kebaish
- Chapter 10: Neurological Monitoring in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery by Theologis and Michael Kelly
- Chapter 11: Complications in Adult Spinal Deformity by Klineberg and Robert Hart
- Chapter 12: Proximal Junctional Kyphosis by Feuchtbaum and H.J. Kim
Section 10: Non-operative Spine Care
Section Editor: Elaine Buchanan
- Chapter 1: Effective Communication: Making the Most of the Consultation by Lisa Roberts
- Chapter 2: Stratified Care by TBD
- Chapter 3: Self-management of Spinal Pain by Gill Dickson and Suzanne M. McDonough
- Chapter 4: Lifestyle Products and Devices for Lower Back Pain by Louise Hailey and Jennifer Bridle
- Chapter 5: Improving the Effectiveness of Physical Activity and Exercise Interventions in the Management of Low Back Pain by Joanne Marley and Daniel Kerr
- Chapter 6: Manual Therapy by Alan Breen, Steven Vogel, and Christopher McCarthy
- Chapter 7: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Low Back Pain by Peter Gladwell, Shea Palmer, and Fiona Cramp
- Chapter 8: What Psychological Interventions Are Available for People with Spinal Pain, and What Is the Current Evidence on Them? by Tamar Pincus and Chris Main
- Chapter 9: Optimizing Quality of Life with Combined Physical and Psychological Programs for Low Back Pain Related Disability by Leila Heelas and Sandra Witshire
- Chapter 10: Spinally Referred Back and Leg Pain by Annina B. Schmid and Brigitte Tampin
- Chapter 11: Rehabilitation for Older Adults with Low Back Pain by Varsha Gandhi, Debbie Brown, and Esther Williamson
- Chapter 12: Work-focused Healthcare for Low Back Pain by Serena Bartys and Mette Jebsen Stochkendahl
Section 11: Surgery Principles
Section Editor: Teija Lund
- Chapter 1: Preparation for Surgery by Serena Hu and Sigurd Berven
- Chapter 2: Surgical Approaches to the Thoracolumbar Spine by S. Boriani and Z. Gokazlan
- Chapter 3: Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine by M. Arts and Vedat Deviren
- Chapter 4: Anterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine by M. Mayer and B. Freeman
- Chapter 5: Lateral Approaches to the Lumbar Spine by Nicolas Plais, MD and Federico P. Girardi, MD
- Chapter 6: Biology of Spine Fusion by Ashish Diwan and Helena Brisby
- Chapter 7: Bone Graft Substitutes in Spine Surgery by Hee-Kit Wong and A. Ghanayem
- Chapter 8: Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Lumbar Spinal Fusion
- Chapter 9: Pedicle Screw Fixation and Design by Helton Defino, Fabio Galbusera, Hans-Joachim Wilke
- Chapter 10: Translaminar Facet Screw Fixation by D. Grob and J. Naresh-Babu
- Chapter 11: Posterior Motion-preserving Fixation by Avinash G. Patwardhan and Ulrich Berlemann
- Chapter 12: Interbody Cages by T. Oxland, Todd Albert, and A. Hilibrand
- Chapter 13: Management of Iatrogenic Dural Tears by F.R. Cammisa and Christopher Ames
- Chapter 14: Navigation in Spine Surgery by Rajasekaran, S. Dilip Chand Raja, and Ajoy Prasad Shetty
Section 12: Lumbar Disc Regeneration
Section Editor: Robert Gunzburg
- Chapter 1: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Non-operative Treatment of Lumbar Disc Degeneration by John Gaughan
- Chapter 2: Psychosocial Factors and Effects on Low Back Pain Management by Xavier F. Jimenez and Sara Davin
- Chapter 3: Pain Management Procedures by Naresh Kumar, Shashidhar Kantharajanna, and Hee-Kit Wong
- Chapter 4: Fusion for Disc Degeneration by Larry Koo, Lee, Loeb, and Emmanuel
- Chapter 5: Motion Preservation for Lumbar Disc Degeneration by Prasanna Venkatesh, Catherine Moran, and Ciaran Bolger
Section 13: Lumbar Disc Herniation
Section Editor: Robert Gunzburg
- Chapter 1: Disc Herniation: Epidemiology, Definitions, Types by Thomas Kishen
- Chapter 2: Disc Herniation: Pathophysiology/etiology by Nadeen O. Chahine
- Chapter 3: Disc Herniation: Natural History and Non-operative Treatments by Amit Bhargav
- Chapter 4: Disc Herniation: Surgical Discectomy by Jay Zampini, James Kang, and Martin Knight
- Chapter 5: Anti-adhesives: Their Role and Future by Andrei Manolescu
- Chapter 6: Failed Discectomy: Non-Surgical and Surgical Management by Kimani White and Ashish Diwan
Section 14: Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Section Editor: Robert Gunzburg
- Chapter 1: Classification, Natural History, and Clinical Evaluation by M. Battie, S. Konno, and A. Haig
- Chapter 2: Imaging of Spinal Stenosis by T. Barz and C. Schizas
- Chapter 3: Non-operative Treatment by O. Airaksinen and C. Tomkins-Lane
- Chapter 4: Surgical Indication, Techniques, and Outcomes by E. Munting, W. Peul, W. Abdu, Y. Kawaguchi, and H. Nakamura
- Chapter 5: Decompression for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Based on a Concept with Biomechanically Proven Minimally Invasive Procedure by Kazuhiro Hasegawa and Kei Watanabe
Section 15: Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis
Section Editor: Robert Gunzburg
- Chapter 1: Degenerative Spondylolisthesis – Pathogenesis, Natural History and Classifications by Kajsa Rennerfelt, Deep Sharma, and Helena Brisby
- Chapter 2: Radiology and Degenerative Spondylolisthesis by Hanna Hebelka and Helena Brisby
- Chapter 3: Non-operative and Surgical treatment of DS by Peter Försth and Helena Brisby
Section 16: Non-degenerative Spondylolisthesis
Section Editor: Hubert Labelle
- Chapter 1: Epidemiology, Natural History, Classification by Hubert Labelle et al.
- Chapter 2: Clinical Presentation and Physical Examination by Stefan Parent
- Chapter 3: Diagnostic Methods by Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong
- Chapter 4: Nonsurgical Treatment and Management of the Athlete with Pars Fracture by Marie-Lyne Nault, Mathilde Hupin
- Chapter 5: Surgery for Spondylolisthesis by Stefan Parent, Hubert Labelle, and Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong
- Chapter 6: Complications by Stefan Parent, Hubert Labelle, and Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong
Section 17: Trauma
Section Editor: Robert Gunzburg
- Chapter 1: Classification of Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Traumatic Fractures by Schnake et al.
- Chapter 2: Classification of Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Osteoporotic Fractures by Schnake et al.
- Chapter 3: Conservative Treatment of Fractures by Jens Castein and Kandziora
- Chapter 4: Surgical Treatment of Fractures: Posterior Stabilization by Sebastian Decker and Muller
- Chapter 5: Surgical Treatment of Fractures: Anterior Treatment and Reconstruction by Timo Stubig, Michael Grevitt, and Christian W. Mueller
- Chapter 6: Percutaneous Cement Augmentation in Osteoporotic Fractures of the Thoracolumbar Spine by Thomas Zweig and Ulrich Berlemann
- Chapter 7: Posttraumatic Changes of the Intervertebral Disc by Daniel Haschtmann and Stefan Dudli
- Chapter 8: Sports Injuries of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine by Christoph E. Albers and Lorin M. Benneker
- Chapter 9: Gunshot Injuries to the Lumbar Spine by Adriaan Hendrik Botha and Robert N. Dunn
Section 18: Failed Surgery/Revision Surgery
Section Editor: Peter Robertson
- Chapter 1: Evaluation of the Failed Spine Surgery Patient by Peter A. Robertson
- Chapter 2: Recurrent Disc Herniation – Diagnosis and Management by Paul Licina and Emma Johnston
- Chapter 3: Recurrent Stenosis – Diagnosis and Management by Angus Don
- Chapter 4: Pseudarthrosis – Diagnosis and Management by John E. Cunningham
Section 19: Infections
Section Editor: Shanmuganathan Rajasekaran
- Chapter 1: Infections of the Spine by Harold I. Salmons, Jeffrey Ta, Hamadi Murphy, Arjun Sebastian, Kris Radcliff, Alex Vaccaro
- Chapter 2: Diagnostic Tests in Spinal Infections by Dilip Sengupta
- Chapter 3: De Novo Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis by Jose Antonio Umali and Ashish Diwan
- Chapter 4: High-grade Spondylolisthesis: Pediatric and Adults by Shanmuganathan Rajasekaran, Siddharth Aiyer, and Rishi Mugesh Kanna
- Chapter 5: Postoperative Spondylodiscitis by Kenneth Nwosu and Christopher M. Bono
- Chapter 6: Peri-implant Infections by HK Wong, Hee Weng Dennis Hey
- Chapter 7: Infections in Special Situations by Stelios Koutsoumbelis and Todd Albert
Section 20: Tumors
Section Editor: Norio Kawahara
- Chapter 1: Primary Spine Tumors by Nicholas Dea and Charles Fisher
- Chapter 2: Metastatic Spine Tumors by Satoru Demura, Katsuhito Yoshioka, and Satoshi Kato