- See:- Anatomy of the Physis
- Deformities
- Enchondral Ossification
- Longitudinal Growth:
- Pediatric Bone Circulation
- Salter Harris
- Discussion:
- at about the 4th week of development, paired upper and lower limb buds appear;
- the upper limb bud appears at day 25-27;
- at approx 47 days when the joints of the hand develop;
- the lower limb bud appears at day 27-29;
- each limb bud onsists of mesenchyme covered by ectoderm of lateral body wall;
- mesenchyme of the limb bud derives from lateral body wall, & some if it migrated into limb bud from adjacent somites;
- development of lower limb lags behind the upper limb;
- limb buds bend ventrally at sites of future elbows and knees, leaving these structures pointing laterally while the palms and soles facing
medially;
- upper limbs then undergo external rotation while lower limb undergo internal rotation
The Ectodermal Thickening and Ridge in the Limbs of Staged Human Embryos. O'Rahilly R, et al. J Embryl Exp Morphology. 4(3):254-264.
Development of the upper limb.
Reconstructing the history of human limb development: lessons from birth defects
The molecular control of upper extremity development: implications for congenital hand anomalies.
The developmental anatomy of the neonatal glenohumeral joint.
Muscle and tendon morphogenesis in the avian hind limb