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Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics

Elbow Joint




  - ROM:
      - normal flexion is from 0 to 150 deg of motion and 80 deg of pronation and supination;
      - functional range of motion is from 30-130 deg flexion and 50 deg of pronation-supination;
  - no tenderness, synovitis, swelling, subcutaneous nodules along the olecranon border (bursa), lateral/medial epicondyle;
  - no tenderness medial supracondylar line of humerus / no median nerve sx;
  - with flexion, the olecranon and medial and lateral epicondyles formed an isosceles triangle;
  - with extension olecranon and epicondyles lie in a straight line;
  - with supination and pronation, no tenderness over radial head;
  - no tenderness/instability of lateral colateral ligament with varus stress
  - no tenderness/instability of medial colateral lig. with valgus stress;
  - tennis elbow test:











Original Text by Clifford R. Wheeless, III, MD.